pneumaticcraft yeast culture. The Jackhammer! Renewable fuels - make Yeast Culture, Ethanol and Biodiesel, with a few useful by-products (also a way to get renewable plastic!) Added in 1. pneumaticcraft yeast culture

 
 The Jackhammer! Renewable fuels - make Yeast Culture, Ethanol and Biodiesel, with a few useful by-products (also a way to get renewable plastic!) Added in 1pneumaticcraft yeast culture Learn how here

. Technically, 273. If you don't put them in a UV box first, they always fail. 5-5 bar Different types of plastic are created by placing the appropriate plastic plant seeds in a Pressure Chamber. The /r/feedthebeast subreddit is not affiliated or associated with the Feed. 10. The Printed Circuit Board is a crafting component added by PneumaticCraft. It has been remade for Minecraft 1. 4/1. The Printed Circuit Board is a crafting component added by PneumaticCraft. Animals and Pets Anime Art Cars and Motor Vehicles Crafts and DIY Culture, Race,. 75 bar, but I don't know how. g. ago. Besides pressure and explosions, PneumaticCraft has another major mechanic that raises more than a few questions: Heat Management. 0 bar. 80% of the ingots (configurable) will be convert into Compressed Iron Ingots. A Pressure Gauge Tube is used to show the current air pressure in a PneumaticCraft network. Pneumaticcraft: Repressurized, and now Retextured! For the past couple months or so, I've been busy at work completely redesigning pretty much all textures and models for PNC, and with its update drawing near, I thought I would post a small sneak peak here of what's to come. 15. CurseForge is one of the biggest mod repositories in the world, serving communities like Minecraft, WoW, The Sims 4, and more. 2. g. 2. 2 (about 4 h). The base Air consumption is 2mL/tick when the machine is processing. The UV Light Box needs 10. It doesn't appear on some JEI versions due to the crafting recipe type, but you should be able to make one with a book and a compressed iron ingot (shapeless recipe) . The majority of species could be identified immediately. Sterile nonbacteriostatic water may be used to prevent drying. The protein and mineral content of nutritional yeasts is relatively consistent across groupings. It's harvested roughly 2 million spruce logs. With. Every time I log on after being off for a while I come back to an empty system, I fire up the air compressor and immediately hear a leak, I see the air leak animation inside the chamber. Table 1 shows that bakers/brewers and torula yeast have average crude protein levels of 44. Harvest the. Too much to list here. I think that can go below 0, beacuse is saying that I need -0. 1 The chemical composition of the yeast 74The Empty PCB is an item added by the PneumaticCraft mod. PneumaticCraft, and Tinker’s. With over 800 million mods downloaded every month and over 11 million active monthly users, we are a growing community of avid gamers, always on the hunt for the next thing in user-generated content. 2. ) This video shows a couple of the new features: The Aphorism Tile can now show markup (using Alt + 0-9,a-f, l-o & r), and has some popup help to show the key binds. Plants already spawned will stay for now. However, the drone can only pick up one kind of item at a time, which means. Version de juego usada : 1. Heat sink effects are a little different. 0%, and. 05) lower in the vessels supplemented with autoclaved yeast culture. Screenshot. Enigmatica 2 as well. As for getting a specific amount into a mixer, PneumaticCraft's own logistics system is perfectly. Simple scheme proposed to explain mode of action of probiotic yeast in rumen and post-ruminal GIT: live yeast improves carbohydrates, protein, and lipid digestion rate by improving the production of cellulolytic, hemicellulolytic and proteolytic, and lipolytic bacteria and fungi. They are listed as follows: 1. Currently, the annual production of alcohol worldwide is over 100 billion liters, with S. After terminating the anaerobic growth chamber experiment, move cultures that did not grow out of the anaerobic chamber and incubate them aerobically for a provisional indication. 3. With the changes to plastic production in 1. With over 800 million mods downloaded every month and over 11 million active monthly users, we are a growing community of avid gamers, always on the hunt for the next thing in user-generated content. This is achieved by employing a yeast culture’s: flocculation, adhesion, sedimentation, flotation, and cropping characteristics. Step 3: Stepping Up the Yeast. H 2 O 2-Induced Hormetic Response Depends on the Type of Carbon Source for Yeast Growth. cerevisiae being the predominantly used industrial. 1. In order to have an overview on how many yeast strains are isolated from natural ecosystems and are preserved in collections worldwide, curators of public and private fungal/yeast culture collections were contacted to participate in this survey. 5,336 Projects found for " pneumaticcraft " Browse by All Bukkit Plugins Customization Addons Mods Modpacks Shaders Resource Packs Worlds Filters. This plant spawns more Squids which can drop more seeds. . With over 800 million mods downloaded every month and over 11 million active monthly users, we are a growing community of avid gamers, always on the hunt for the next thing in user-generated content. 1. It has two modes, input (blue) and output (orange), which can be switched between using a Pneumatic Wrench. 14, update within 1. Body fluid, aspirates: Aspirated material in sterile container. In the upcoming update I will set the spawn rates to 0 once, and the oil one on. It contains (w/v) 1% glucose, 0. May 8, 2015. 5 or 9×5) greased loaf pans. 2. A language package for Minecraft Mods. So, for people new to Pneumaticcraft, it' s machines either produce or use heat, heat users need it to work, heat producers need it removed to work (Increasing heat leads to reduced efficiency), the most "controllable" source of heat in Pneumaticcraft are vortex tubes, they split an incoming air flow into a cold and a hot streams (They really exist, and they' re awesome!). Make yeast culture and use this culture to double the yeast culture. The parameters of an Advanced Pressure Tube are: Dangerous Pressure : 20. This machine can be disabled in the config file. The cells obtained after this process were called ‘freshly cultured yeasts' and were used in all investigations. Feed The Beast Unstable. The Thermopneumatic Processing Plant (TPP) uses pressure and heat to convert one fluid and/or one solid ingredient to another fluid. Squid Plant Seeds. Mods 28,767,063 Downloads Last Updated: Dec 6, 2022 Game Version: 1. I hope that adding these liquids doesn't take much effort, as it will massively increase mod interoperability and ease of pneumaticcraft earlygame if you already have an existing power system. However, the value of regular ale strain propagation is still questioned. 2 and above under the name PneumaticCraft: Repressurized by desht_08. The intensive use of antibiotics as growth-promoting agents in animal production has resulted in the spread of animal antibiotic resistance and possibly human antibiotic resistance. After you have created the Pressure Chamber, any iron ingots. Central air-conditioning be like in Minecraft, with the use of PneumaticCraft's pressure tubes and air grate tube modules, powered by a flux compressor. 05) in NH 3Took several steps (50-50-200-500ml I think) and didn't see anything in that first culture at all. The twenty-first century has brought new opportunities and challenges to yeast culture collections, whether they are long-standing or recently established. CurseForge is one of the biggest mod repositories in the world, serving communities like Minecraft, WoW, The Sims 4, and more. Walking through the process of getting started with PneumaticCraft and covering the basics of safely maintaining an air pressure network. Compressors. Stackable. Substituting the value of μ m a x as described by Itoh and Takahashi [16] μ m a x = 0. Basically, with the length of redstone that I had, if the pressure dropped below 4 bar (might've been 3. The best option I can think of is just using the area tools, and setting in the co-ordinates manually. The size of the cube can vary from 3x3x3 to 5x5x5, and windows are not needed to create the Pressure Chamber. Plastic herstellen mit PneumaticCraft Minecraft GrundlagenEine einfache Plastik-Farm. to pressurize the minigun you need two things, a charging station, and an air compressor. The positive effect of yeast supplementation on rumen pH tended to be increased by DMI (g per kg of BW; P = 0. 16. A media from yeast strains expressing human CRT. 12. Reply reply ApplesaurusFlexxx • Ah cool, thanks. This machine can be disabled in the config. A total of 45 growing–finishing pigs were randomly allocated to three treatments: a corn–soybean-based diet (CON, n =. When the pressure on the input side exceeds the set pressure the tube will no longer transmit air and will limit the pressure on the output side to the set amount. Automate the whole process of manufacturing biodiesel. A total of 14 (6. Too much to list here. Sugar is supplied to the barrel and the yeast produced is stored in the tank. 3 & 1. 4/1. 3 High Refineries. ABSTRACT. It takes any furnace fuel (such as. Too much to list here. 1. You can culture the yeast on agar plates for refrigerated storage for a few months, or prepare the yeast for freezing and store it for a year or longer. , where the addition of yeast culture to high-dried lucerne resulted in increased pH. 75 and 52. It has a large quest tree with a detailed guide on mods like The Bumblezone and Productive Bees and includes custom progression which ties mods together. By the time the charcoal was done burning, the pressure had risen enough so that the redstone signal at the BC gate was 1. Seventy two 28 d old, Ross B308. 0: ZenScript. Compressed Iron Gear; Compressed Iron Ingot; Creative Compressor; H. 14+, I thought I'd take some time to create an efficient setup for automating plastic production and share it with the community. To make a UV box, you need a PCB blueprint. Today we use Thermopneumatic Processing Plants and a Heat Frame to make plastic sheet. Maternal diet supplementation with pro- and prebiotics is associated with decreased incidence of diarrhea and greater piglet performance. Share. 16. json","path":"src/main/resources/assets. It's been in a lot, just under utilized. Yeast culture (YC) is a unique micro-ecological product that is composed of yeast biomass (including some residual viable cells, dead cells, and yeast-cell-wall fragments), fermentation metabolites, and the residual growth medium . Animals and Pets Anime Art Cars and Motor Vehicles Crafts and DIY Culture, Race, and Ethnicity Ethics and Philosophy Fashion Food and Drink History Hobbies Law Learning and Education Military Movies Music Place Podcasts and Streamers Politics Programming Reading, Writing, and Literature Religion and Spirituality Science Tabletop Games. An Assembly IO Unit is one of PneumaticCraft's Assembly Machines used to craft advanced components. 2. [ Expand] Blocks. It is created in the refinery when heat is applied. {"payload":{"allShortcutsEnabled":false,"fileTree":{"src/generated/resources/data/pneumaticcraft/recipes/thermo_plant":{"items":[{"name":"chips. However, in v0. Levated osmotic pressure, increased alcohol concentration, and modified nutrient balance may distort yeast metabolism (Pratt et al. Added new area type for the Area progwidget (and Area GPS Tool): Torus Thanks @johalun; P1 is assumed to be in the center of the torus; When radially symmetric about the Y-axis, the distance between P1 and P2 in the X/Z plane makes the radius of the torus to the center of the tube and the distance in the Y plane makes the. B media from control yeast cells without CRT gene. 14+. 2 Last Updated: Dec 6, 2022 Game Version: 1. Recipe . (with advanced liquid compressors and thermodynamic conductors separately) 1 / 11. 4). This. For mineral content, as measured by ash, bakers/brewers yeast has on average 5. Experimental proofs. Similarly, Immersive Engineering's External Heater can supply heat to attached PneumaticCraft blocks. The products are dependent on the height of the Refinery. 1. Table 3 presents the effects of interfering factors significantly influencing yeast effect. Recipe . Grow EBY100 cells from glycerol stock in 500 mL YPD at 30°C and 300rpm until culture reaches an OD 600 of 1. Skin should be taken from the active border of the lesion. An important aspect of live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) inclusion in the diets of ruminants is improved animal productivity. d Lift the bottle/ test tube containing the yeast with your left hand. This study investigated the impact adding whole ground oat as a prebiotic, alone or in combination with a probiotic, yeast culture (YC) (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), to sow gestation and lactation rations. Try a vacuum pump . 19. Getting a pair of Pressure Chamber Interfaces ASAP helps at least a bit, since they can let you insert and remove items from the pressure chamber without loosing a ton of pressure, but it still takes a long time to pressurize in the first place. Resonant Rise. Biologists have produced a strain of yeast whose genome is more than 50% synthetic DNA. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary yeast culture (YC) supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites, and immune functions in geese. Both yeast preparations resulted in a signifi cant increase (P<0. This is often used to diagnose infections like thrush and vaginal yeast infections. Our cell culture protocol in more detail can be found. Lager yeast can even be reused up to 20 times (Pow -Refineries (and indeed any heat-handling block in PneumaticCraft) will slowly lose heat to adjacent air blocks. Allow the bread dough to rise for 4 – 12 hours after kneading it thoroughly to activate the gluten. I'm at the state where I need to produce an assload of PCBs, and the process for creating them is highly painful because of the filter on the pressure chamber output - I use it to create a lot of compressed iron, and without a compressed iron specific filter on it, the iron just passes through after the first compressed iron passes through. The following list gives some media and incubation conditions suggested by researchers for the isolation of marine yeasts: Wickerham's yeast malt medium (Wickerham, ): This medium is widely used for marine yeast isolation. New pipes have no air to release and the last pipe placed, connecting up the generation portion of the system, completes a sealed system. Share Tweet. 14. 5–6. Fluids work with PneumaticCraft's heat system. Vortex tubes use compressed air to heat and cool things. 19. YX33A. There's a module which can emit redstone depending on pressure. This can have interesting implications for mods such as Create. Background When Candida species is found in a sputum culture, clinicians generally dismiss it as a contaminant. Then let the mixture sit for a few minutes to allow the yeast to activate. . 16. To culture yeast in the laboratory, first make a yeast starter by mixing yeast, water, and a small amount of sugar. A Bee-themed modpack that starts off as vanilla+ till you delve into bees and discover a whole world of content. 9. For the detection, enumeration and cultivation of yeasts, the classical culture method is still needed. Give it a try and throw some screenshots from the upgrade's ui so people can help you. Pour a bucket of yeast culture out, throw some piles of sugar in it, as normal No hurry, before filling the other space with water, first place any waterloggable blocks like iron. Phaff Yeast Culture Collection, recognizing the contributions over 50 years of research by Phaff (1913-2001), one of the most renowned yeast microbiologists of the 20th century. Animals and Pets Anime Art Cars and Motor Vehicles Crafts and DIY Culture,. v · d · e PneumaticCraft. Many transformation procedures utilize growth of the yeast culture to a certain cell density prior to harvesting. 7. One end should turn red, the other end should turn blue. 025), and was logically decreased by the proportion of NDF in the diet (P = 0. Reload to refresh your session. You have to cool them or the efficiency goes to crap. Building a location for my Pneumatic stuff, and getting a yeast factory automated. 2. I am wondering though-- is it perhaps too overpowered? I saw someone flying around with Jet boots, which I removed, and saw a drill that mined near instant 3x3, and saw someone using speed on the same boots, then saw a handheld missile that. c Flame the loop and allow it to cool. 15. e Remove the cap/ cotton wool plug of the bottle/ test tube with the little finger of your right hand. Duncan Webb. This requires a minimum temperature of 150°C (423K). This study evaluated the effects of feeding a commercial yeast culture on blood biomarkers and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) gene expression in dairy cows during the transition period until 50 d postpartum. In addition, an optional bonus multiplier and bonus limit can be supplied; the multiplier adds a chance for bonus output based on how far below the threshold temperature the heat frame's current temperature is, and the bonus limit is a hard cap on the. New Features in PneumaticCraft: Repressurized Added in 1. 0. 1. 5. Oh ok. 15. 10 Website : Home Page: Forum : MC Forum thread: Root Mod : Minecraft Forge: Modpacks : Bevo's Tech Pack Blast Off! Crash Landing Direwolf20 1. January 30, 2023 by Sherri. g. We offer a broad range of high-quality yeast culture media to suit your unique research needs. · AE2 Things. The Jackhammer! Renewable fuels - make Yeast Culture, Ethanol and Biodiesel, with a few useful by-products (also a way to get renewable plastic!) Added in 1. json","path":"src. Fixed PneumaticCraft blocks not remembering custom names assigned in an Anvil when the block is placed down & broken again. 2. 0 Solid : Yes Transparent : No Affected by Gravity : No Emits Light : No Flammable : No Required Tool : A Block of Compressed Iron has no use other than efficient storage and aesthetics. This is the first drone program I ever made. the temperature at which procesing starts) was always 373K, or 100°C. Diesel (PneumaticCraft) "Diesel" is one of the 4 refined versions of Oil introduced by PneumaticCraft. Nail scraping should be from a subsurface portion of the infected nail. 9. Mods 28,767,063 Downloads Last Updated: Dec 6, 2022 Game Version: 1. 5% peptone and 2% agar. The mode of. 16. I don't know how much might have changed between 1. 14. What is the easiest way to release excess pressure (past 4. As the title states I'm searching for the best layout for PneumaticCraft's Security Station aka. The purpose of the present study was to explore the underlying mechanism for the YC-mediated performance improvement. In 1996, the collection was officially dedicated and named the Herman J. PNC:R GitHub should have all of the recipe types and formatting you should need. I even loaded an old creative world in which I never even. It adds a wide variety of plants to world generation, each of which spread in different ways. We'll also play wit. Fuel values can be inspected in any Liquid Compressor GUI via the Fuels side tab. Now between fuel input, air output, and Redstone control to keep the compressor running safely, that only leaves us three sides to work with. 14. 8 Yeast Culture* is the dried product composed of yeast and the media on which it was grown, dried in such a manner as toGutWerks is an excellent source of yeast culture, active yeast, probiotics and prebiotics--the complete package for digestive support!. PneumaticCraft is a technological mod by MineMaarten. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of yeast culture supplements on the physiological state and growth performance of growing bulls under heat stress conditions and the underlying mechanism. You signed in with another tab or window. Antagonistic characteristics of yeast have been attributed mainly to: (1) competition for nutrients; (2) pH changes in the medium as a result of growth-coupled ion exchange or organic acid production; (3) tolerance to high concentrations of ethanol []; and (4) the secretion and release of antimicrobial. Too much to list here. The whole Assembly Machine setup is controlled from the Assembly Controller . It takes any furnace fuel (such as coal) and uses it to pressurize the container. The number of yeast strains available to small-scale brewers has grown remarkably in the last 20 years. Too much to list here. txt","path":"resources. Tile entity. com is the number one paste tool since 2002. Craft Cultures yeast strains are shipped ready to pitch from the lab. 16. The_God_Of_Darkness_ • 7 mo. Provide 1 to 2 level scoops per day for mature horses weighing 1,000 lbs. It is available in 14 different colors. Brewer’s yeast cultures do not live forever and must be replaced with fresh yeast on a regular basis. " This turned the armor off, I think. With over 800 million mods downloaded every month and over 11 million active monthly users, we are a growing community of avid gamers, always on the hunt for the next thing in user-generated content. 12. Hello! I run a modded server based on the Create mod, and I have added PneumaticCraft by player request. 16. Replace part of the starter each day with new flour and water. Diesel can be picked up and placed via a. 5. CurseForge is one of the biggest mod repositories in the world, serving communities like Minecraft, WoW, The Sims 4, and more. Animals and Pets Anime Art Cars and Motor Vehicles Crafts and DIY Culture, Race, and Ethnicity Ethics and Philosophy Fashion Food and Drink History Hobbies Law Learning and Education Military Movies Music Place Podcasts and Streamers Politics Programming Reading,. The subreddit for all things related to Modded Minecraft for Minecraft Java Edition --- This subreddit was originally created for discussion around the FTB launcher and its modpacks but has since grown to encompass all aspects of modding the Java edition of Minecraft. 40 g O h d m 3. The Jackhammer! Renewable fuels - make Yeast Culture, Ethanol and Biodiesel, with a few useful by-products (also a way to get renewable plastic!) Added in 1. cerevisiae EBY100 (MYA-4941 TM) . 80% of the ingots (configurable) will be convert into Compressed Iron Ingots. SDS-PAGE analysis of yeast culture media and purified recombinant human CRT samples. a Loosen the cap of the bottle containing the yeast. Then use an exporter to send the plastic to a hole, an importer to pick up the solidified plastic sheet, and a detector to trigger the next operation. To speed things up, add Speed Upgrades to your Pressure Chamber Interfaces, both input and output. Learn how here. · OPWeapons. Then, all of a sudden, while messing with the settings I pressed "toggle core components. Time to start using PneumaticCraft!"Carefree"Kevin MacLeod (incompetech. Any block that holds air in it can and will explode if it's pressure exeeds it's maximmum limit. // <recipetype:pneumaticcraft:fuel_quality>. json","path":"src. But it's the PneumaticCraft you remember! (unless the Pneumaticcraft you remember is the one with the plastic plants, in which case it's not. Finally, place the starter in a warm, humid environment for 12-24 hours to allow the. The Crack Pack 2. If a pneumatic helmet is inserted into a craft table along with a smileystone, it will be charged with Smiley Energy. And, incidentally, Mariculture has a nice speedboat you can use. New Features in PneumaticCraft: Repressurized Added in 1. 5 Bar pressure to get an Empty PCB. 16. I bet the fluid pipes are removing the LPG, but holding on to it because there's no valid destination. Thanks forgot pneumaticcraft had its own hopper, maybe that will work better than enderio. A component used in the fabrication of a Printed Circuit Board, an essential part of the mods assembly line machines. json","path":"src. This farm grows various different crops. 2. Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast grown on a media of ground yellow corn, hominy feed, corn gluten feed, rye middlings, diastatic malt and corn syrup, and cane molasses. Too much to list here. 2 You already want to put a yeast to biodiesel mechanism, but what about a second tier of superyeast, but it can get out of control like thaumcraft flux. Animals and Pets Anime Art Cars and Motor Vehicles Crafts and DIY Culture,. com is the number one paste tool since 2002. ITS analysis may provide the fast and easy. - For blocks which have a transition (e. ago. 15. MineMaarten on Aug 1, 2015. . It connects to any valid machine or container to transfer air and pressure around the system. Fixed Redstone Module clock mode tick lengths > 127 not working. Vitamins B1 (thiamin) and B2 (riboflavin) are widely distributed in brewer’s yeast (Moore et al. Go through the steps to make biodiesel. Thus all 162 trials with spiked blood culture samples were identified as positive and all 8 trials without spiked blood were identified as negative. Methods In a convenience sample of patients hospitalized for CAP, we screened for “high-quality. A. 2 high Refineries produce Diesel and LPG in a ratio of 5:2 for Diesel and 5:1 for LPG. ago. Partial blocks are fine, including. . Pastebin is a website where you can store text online for a set period of time. To make the firsts Printed Circuit Board, it is necessary to follow those steps : 1. 2 Pack. Effect of re-pitching on yeast physiological state. Contribute to CFPAOrg/Minecraft-Mod-Language-Package development by creating an account on GitHub. CraftTweaker support adds the ability to specify any item and liquid combination. Effectively allowing you to increase your heat sink count per side by a factor of 4 - 5 depending on configuration of your setup. New Features in PneumaticCraft: Repressurized Added in 1. First, if you make pneumatic armor, the chest accepts a charging upgrade that will discharge air from the chest to charge tools. A low pH environment is known to cause acid stress in yeasts, resulting in reduced membrane permeability, anion extrusion, and alters expression of genes that are key for yeast. {"payload":{"allShortcutsEnabled":false,"fileTree":{"":{"items":[{"name":"AppliedEnergistics2","path":"AppliedEnergistics2","contentType":"directory"},{"name. The Air Compressor is a machine added by PneumaticCraft. . Heat Frame Cooling recipes require a single input item or fluid ingredient, an output item and a threshold (maximum) temperature, in Kelvin. CurseForge is one of the biggest mod repositories in the world, serving communities like Minecraft, WoW, The Sims 4, and more. 19. 15. Body fluid, aspirates: Aspirated material in sterile container. It primarily contains of bacteriological peptone, yeast extract, and. Yeast is an intermediary between sugar and sludge during the ethanol production process (sugar > yeast > sludge > ethanol crystals ). The Jackhammer! Renewable fuels - make Yeast Culture, Ethanol and Biodiesel, with a few useful by-products (also a way to get renewable plastic!) Added in 1. With over 800 million mods downloaded every month and over 11 million active monthly users, we are a growing community of avid gamers, always on the hunt for the next thing in user-generated content. 20. Pastebin. 12. The study was conducted to test the effects of using yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as feed additive on the growth performance, noxious gas emission, utilization of nutrients, excreta microbial count, and meat quality of broilers. The Compressed Iron Ingot is an item added by PneumaticCraft. When an Empty PCB is being etched in Etching Acid it can turn into a Failed PCB if it was not exposed enough in a UV Light Box. Forty Holstein dairy cows were used in a randomized complete block design from −30 to 50 d. Based on this premise, it is significant to explore an alternative approach to preventing infectious diseases and promoting animal growth and health. Reload to refresh your session. Yeast culture (YC) positively affects the performance of laying hens. No growth is observed (Fig. We offer a broad range of high-quality yeast culture media to suit your unique research needs. The mod is a port of the original. Pressure Chamber.